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Cardiac

Depolarization starts from inner myocardium because purkinje fibers are in inner myocardium and depolarization spreads from inner to outer myocardium Repolarization starts from outer myocardium because outer myocardium has better blood supply. Inner capillaries are compressed during  depolarization (systole). Depolarization is fast and has Q- ventricular septal R- major ventricular and S- basal ventricular waves separetly and repolarization is slow process and represented by single T wave (as it is slow when basal part is still repolarizing major ventricular part start to repolarize and when major ventricular part and basal part is still repolarizing septal part start to repolarize , thus they overlap and is represented by single wave)
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Why Av node is slow and Purkinje is fast?

Why Av node is slow but Purkinje is fast? because AV node has more number of small cells while purkinje has less number of large cells so depolarization has to pass many membranes in AV node than Purkinje fibers AV node has less gap junction while purkinje has high number of gap junction AV node depolarization is by Ca2+ ions  but purkinje by Na+ ions which is fast AV node cells have less diameter which has high resistance AV node RMP is -60mV while purkinje is -90mV so cations move faster in purkinje fibers Source: Najeeb lecture videos
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Nepal medical college microbiology practical spotters

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Principle of different biochemical test in microbiology

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1. Triple Sugar Iron test .Principle:     Triple sugar iron agar test is used to determine whether gram negative bacilli utilize glucose and lactose or sucrose fermentatively and produce hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S).  It contains 10 parts of lactose: 10 parts of sucrose: 1 part of glucose and peptone.  Phenol red and ferrous sulphate serves as an indicator for acidification of medium and H 2 S production respectively. Glucose is utilized first by a fermentative organism and the entire medium becomes acidic (yellow) in 8 to 12 hours. Butt remains acidic even after 18 to 24 hours incubation peroid because of the presence of organic acids resulting from the fermentation of glucose under  anaerobic  conditions in the butt of the tube.The slant reverts to  alkaline  state that is indicated by red color as the fermentation products gets oxidised to  carbon dioxide  (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O) and peptone in  aerobic  condition the...
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Microbiology 2nd year KU

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1. WIDAL test Kit and Card - For diagnosis of salmonella typhi and paratyphi A and B infection i.e. enteric fever - Principle: Slide Agglutination test - Antigens used: O antigen (somatic antigen) of Salmonella typhi , H antigen ( flagellar antigen) of Salmonella typhi, AH and BH ( Flagellar antigen of Salmonella paratyphi A and B) 2. BHI broth and Selenite F. broth BHI broth: -Brain Heart Infusion Broth                    - Enrichment media                   - Used for blood culture and body fluid like peritoneal and pleural fluid culture                  - Blood: broth ratio = 1:10 Selenite F broth : selective and enrichment media for Salmonella and Shigella                           : F stands for feces                 ...
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